The question
Does a virtual forest do what a real one does? Nature contact lowers stress and restores attention, and extended reality makes it deliverable to a hospital room, a dorm, or a clinic. But nature is not one thing, and neither is the benefit. We ask which properties of a restorative environment survive being simulated in virtual reality, for whom, and on which measure.
How we work
There are different ways we have tested our environments. For example, we have compared virtual environments against each other and against the real thing, pairing self-report with physiological measures. Motion and realism both carried weight. A “live” forest improved perceived restorativeness and positive affect, and a high-realism forest beat a low-realism one.
What this work enables
A restorative virtual reality forest can improve attention and reduce stress. We hope to continue to understand the different properties of perception that allow these effects to happen outside of a real, living forest.
Papers in this area 22
Journal Articles 5
- Walking in an Urban Environment and a Virtual Reality Replica: Comparisons of Physical Activity Duration and Intensity (opens in new tab) 2025
- The Impact of Nature Realism on the Restorative Quality of Virtual Reality Forest Bathing (opens in new tab) 2024
- Virtual reality assessment of walking in a modifiable urban environment: a feasibility and acceptability study (opens in new tab) 2023
- Using Augmented Reality with Older Adults in the Community to Select Design Features for an Age-Friendly Park: A Pilot Study (opens in new tab) 2020
- Off-line and On-line Stress Detection through Processing of the Pupil Diameter Signal (opens in new tab) 2014
Book Chapters 1
Conference Papers 4
- The Restorative Influence of Virtual Reality Environment Design (opens in new tab) 2024
- Virtual Nature: Investigating the Effect of Biomass on Immersive Virtual Reality Forest Bathing Applications For Stress Reduction (opens in new tab) 2022
- Augmented Reality for City Planning (opens in new tab) 2020
- PostureMonitor: Real-Time IMU Wearable Technology to Foster Poise and Health (opens in new tab) 2015
Workshop Articles 2
- Enhancing Well-Being Through Positive Technology: VR Forest Bathing (opens in new tab) 2024
- A Multisensory Approach to Virtual Reality Stress Reduction (opens in new tab) 2023
Posters & Late-Breaking 4
- HoloNote: Exploring Augmented Reality Notifications for Ergonomic Feedback in Laparoscopic Training (opens in new tab) 2026
- Aging Naturally: Virtual reality nature vs real-world nature’s effects on executive functioning and stress recovery in older adults (opens in new tab) 2024
- Does wearing augmented-reality goggles affect older adults’ kinematics during gait? The Gerontological Society of America’s 71st Annual Scientific Meeting (opens in new tab) 2019
- City Planning with Augmented Reality (opens in new tab) 2019
Demos 1
Invited Papers 1
- Smart Bracelets for Remote Monitoring of Wearers’ Physical and Affective State” (opens in new tab) 2020
Pre-Prints 2
- Co-Designing Augmented Reality Tools for High-Stakes Clinical Teamwork (opens in new tab) 2025
- Aging Outdoors: Understanding How Nature Contact Influences Younger and Older Adults' Executive Functioning, Heart Rate Variability, and Affect (opens in new tab) 2024